America’s economy after the Civil war Essay Example for Free

America’s economy after the Civil war Essay After the Civil war in the United States, Corporations grew significantly in number, size, and influence between the 1870s and 1900s. Big business impacted America’s economy, politics and as well as the Americans responses to these changes. Big business began when entrepreneurs in search for wealth and success combined their business into massive corporations. Vertical and horizontal integration were tactics used to make business grow faster. Vertical integration is the acquiring of material from the bottom up for means of production, for example Carnegie used this strategy. Horizontal integration is the controlling of other companies that produce the same product, which Rockefeller used. The corporations were so large that they could and some did, force out the competition which resulted them in gaining control of that particular market. This allowed corporations to set the prices they desired, which affected the consumers pocket as that was the only place they could obtain the product or good from. Business men who ran these large industries became extremely wealthy, powerful and influential, often at the expense of many poor workers, and much of the public saw them as robber barons who exploited workers, in order to accumulate immense fortunes. For example, in 1882 Rockefeller solidifies his control by establishing a monopoly or trust, which centralized control of a number of oil related companies under one board of trustee. By 1879, Rockefeller controlled 90% of the county’s oil capacity. As a result of this, companies in other industries quickly imitated this trust model and used their broad market control to raise prices. Also in document A, statistics are shown of the index prices to the average prices during a certain period of time and it is evident that as the years progressed, the cost for food, fuel and lighting decreased significantly but the cost of living of also decreased but not to the degree of the above mentioned. Trusts were a common way to force out the competition and control a market in the 1800s. Big business also impacted America politically as seen on document D. This political cartoon shows wealthy industrial owners, which are taking up most of the space in the US senate and are coming in from a door that is labeled â€Å"Entrance for monopolist† and all the trusts are lines up to enter. Also, in the left corner there is a door labeled â€Å"People’s entrance† that had a â€Å"closed† hanging from it, which clearly shows that the people do not have a say in the senate. This means that industries have a great amount of power in the senate as well as a big impact politically. Also in document B, from George E. McNeill, a labor leader, is a short passage about â€Å"The problem of today† in 1887. He starts out explains how the railroad president holds so much power that it is almost as if he were the king of the railroad. The article states that the railroad king collects his tithes, which is the 1/10th annual income given to clergy and to support the church, by lowering the worker’s wages. He also has the power to fire anyone, take away their income, delay trial on a suit at law, and postpone judgment indefinitely. This shows the amount of power in his hands, and how he has a say in politics and court. At the end, McNeill states, â€Å"In his right hand he holds the government; in his left hand, the people† to show the sense of control he has in both areas and the degree of his influence on both, the people, and his government. American’s responses to the growing corporations were evident in document C. In this document David A. Wells claims that individualism or independence of the producer in manufacturing has been in great degree destroyed as well as the pride workmen took in their work. Also, he says modern manufacturing systems have been brought into a condition similar of that of a military organization. This shows the rigidness of the bosses and the demand for their work to be perfect. It is also mentioned in this document that as a rule, workers are only good for one thing, and then are useless once there is no more work of that kind. Lastly, the works are no longer independent. But depend and have to obey rules to keep progressing. In document E, by Andrew Carnegie, he states that to set an example of modest he has to provide to those who depend on him. Andrew Carnegie of the steel industry donated much of his wealth to building libraries, schools, and universities to support the less fortunate or poor. The growth of corporations evidently impacted the economy and politics, as well as the American responses to these changes, in 1870-1900.

Are There Philosophical Reasons To Promote Gifted Education In The Context Of A Democratic And Egal :: Philosophy Essays

Are There Philosophical Reasons To Promote Gifted Education In The Context Of A Democratic And Egalitarian Society? ABSTRACT: Despite the historical recognition of the importance of the development of individual human potentialities for the group, gifted individuals have not been treated equally. Three reasons are analyzed: (a) the primacy given to institutions over the individual, except those particular cases in which the individual is identified with the institution itself, or invested with the power of one institution; (b) the lack of recognition of the particular needs of gifted individuals; and (c) the assumption of egalitarian ideals inside specific societies. Despite arguments to the contrary, gifted education will be defended. Gifted individuals have special needs. I assume that Hope and Good Will provide enough justification for this public human task. Traditionally defined, education is the social enterprise that preserves the cultural gains of human groups, and transmits them to future generations. As a social tool, education is used to reach collective and individual objectives; it is a common tool that helps to satisfy the needs of both the society as a whole, and each individual in particular. It is also broadly acknowledged that educational endeavors are human efforts to trim, polish, and "improve" our human nature. From a historical perspective, we notice that human societies have provided unequal educational attention to their constituencies. Individuals coming from different socio-economical strata have had access to correspondingly different levels of attention. Usually, those individuals pertaining to a higher strata in the power structure have received the benefits of a major social investment, mainly for the sake of status, regardless of their real capabilities. At this point we need to make explicit the implicit assumption that individual capabilities --wit, talents, genius, temper, neuromusculoskeletal structure, and diverse chemical byproducts-are the historical result of randomly combined factors, including date and place of birth. There is another assumption that should be considered for a mixture of pragmatic and ideological reasons without ignoring that some of its implications convey some internal logical contradictions and, potentially, undesirable effects. Nevertheless, if we assume --for the sake of the argument-- that all human beings are equal, and all have the right to develop their potential to its maximum, then we have to say that fair and systematic attention is not found in the treatment given to the whole class of individuals genetically endowed with special needs --including the gifted ones. Some of them have been neglected in the frame of our highly socio-economical and politically stratified societies.

Enron Scandal with Code of Ethics

Arthur Andersen Limited Liability Partnership was one of the â€Å"Big Five† accounting firm who providing auditing, tax and consulting services to large corporations. This is an accounting firm that held by reputation and trust by public and investor but it facing bankruptcy in the end. Early of the 20th century, invertors don’t know who can be trust because there was spread of business scandals. All they need was auditors. Andersen establishes a company to be trusted. He and his auditors will check and certificate the company accounts if the accounts were honestly and accurately. Andersen advises his partners to pay attention on public needs rather than the profit of company make. After 1950s, the company force to commercialize for the coming of Information Technology era but it still keeps its reputation. But to win the best customers, they must attract a new generation of employees. The new director was keen to explore more customers. They audit and certificate more accounts and made larger profits for their company. Andersen guaranteed the accounts for dishonest company from John DeLorean to Enron and WorldCom. The code of ethics which Andersen against are: 1. Standard I (A) Knowledge of the Law. Members and Candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities. In the event of conflict, Members and Candidates must comply with the more strict law, rule, or regulation. Members and Candidates must not knowingly participate or assist in and must dissociate from any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations. A case of John DeLorean, the founder of the DeLorean Motor Company who goes Ireland to builds his dream car. British government desperate to create job and gave 80 million pound. It was Andersen responsible for the money he spends. But DeLorean spend the money not belong to him. He will spend the company fund s of purchase of equipment for decorating his houses. He orders two Mercedes Benz, one send to his wife use in California. DeLorean asks to pay 17 million dollar to his Swiss bank account call GDP. In conclusion, DeLorean do nothing with the dream car. Although the Code and standard do not required that members and candidates report violations to their governmental or regulatory organizations but strongly encourages members to report violations. Andersen should report DeLorean who spend the money which are not related to the development of dream car and the money was not belonging to him. They shouldn’t participate in illegal activities such help DeLorean to cover the fact and follow the rules and regulations. . Standard I (B) Independence and Objectivity. Members and Candidates must use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in their professional activities. Members and Candidates must not offer, solicit, or accept any gift, benefit, compensation, or consideration that reasonably could be expected to compromise their own or another’s independence and objectivity. In case of WorldCom, who was one of the company who use false account to earning profit by deceive public. After the scandal, WorldCom was the largest bankruptcy in U. S. history. It led to a domino effect of accounting and like corporate scandals that continue to tarnish American business practices and the foundation of economic. Thousand hundred of investors lost their life saving. Arthur Andersen emphasizes professional view and implements independence and objectivity which were refusing to certificate dishonest accounts. New generation of employees who work in Andersen should follow the thinking and view of the establisher. Although they want to expand their business, but they should work independence to report or refuse to certificate dishonest accounts, not helping them to deceive public. . Standard I (D) Members and Candidates must not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, or deceit or commit any act that reflects adversely on their professional reputation, integrity, or competence. Arthur Andersen has involved in dishonesty act which was making false accounting. The company has loss its reputation once the scandal burst out. I n a nutshell, all company should follow rules and regulation. Otherwise, it may harm thousands even millions of people lost their life saving or in debt.

6 Beer in Mesopotamia Essay - 822 Words

Chapters 1 and 2: Beer in Mesopotamia 1. How did beer lead to the development of cities in Mesopotamia and Egypt? People went from foraging and hunting while living in villages, to agriculture which lead to the surplus of grain which lead to beer. Having the surplus of grain allowed for some people to specialize in other professions because not everyone was needed to produce food. Having multiple professions contributes to the development of cities. One of the developed professions was priest who collected goods in the form of taxation. Cities began to grow as priest accumulated power. Priest used taxed as a tool to expand villages into towns which got expanded into cities. Chapters 3 and 4: Wine in Greece and Rome 1.†¦show more content†¦Coffees legal status was ambiguous. Some Muslim scholars objected that it was intoxicating and therefore subject to the same religious prohibition as wine and other alcoholic drinks. Meccas local governor put coffee on trial. The council agreed with the governor, so coffee was seized and burned in the streets and coffee vendors and some of their customers were beaten as punishment. Not everyone approved of drinking coffee. Medical men for one believed that coffee was poisonous, unlike beer, wine or spirits. Others simply objected to the taste. Chapter 9 and 10: Tea and the British Empire 1. Explain why the industrial revolution began in Britain. You can trace the history (events) of the revolution in your explanation. Be sure to include at least one role that tea played in the British industrialization. The industrial revolution began in Great Britain because of the textile industry. Britain had an abund ance of cotton used in the making of textiles. When the cottage industry and the manufacturing of clothes at home changed to the factory system, new machines were being created. Also several key-inventors of theses machines where from Great Britain, and contributed to the factory system being established. Also efficient transportation was already set up in Britain and was further innovated with the demand between procedures and suppliers. Great Britain also had a lot of natural resources. Also the workers in the new factories of theShow MoreRelatedA History of the World in 6 Glasses Study Questions Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesmany areas of history and they are a crucial part of creating a certain period of history. â€Å"Beer in Mesopotamia and Egypt† 1. The discovery of beer is linked to the growth of the first civilizations because in both cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, beer was the main drink. It was consumed by everyone and was known as the defining drink of both of the first great civilizations. 2. 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Beer played a big role in the acceptance of agriculture. Humans began growing grains for beer, and this led to the growing of other crops. Civilizations formed, due to food surplus and specializedRead MoreEssay about Teenage Alcoholism1629 Words   |  7 Pagesaround them susceptible to the same fate. I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ethyl alcohol (also known as drinking alcohol), is one of the oldest drugs in the world. Five thousand years ago, the people of Mesopotamia drank beer and recorded it on clay tablets. The ancient Egyptians brewed and drank beer also.1 And today, alcohol is probably used in every country in the world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; There are several types of alcohol, but ethyl is the most common and is the only one that can beRead MoreBook Report History of the World in 6 Glasses Essay2164 Words   |  9 PagesAP World History A History Of The World In 6 Glasses 1. The consequences of agricultural revolution was a turning point. Civilizations began focusing on making surpluses rather than producing new food and crafts. They became more modern. (pg.20) 2. The archaeological evidence that supports the cultivation, harvesting, storage and processing of cerealRead MoreHistory of the world in 6 glasses2699 Words   |  11 Pages A History of the World in 6 Glasses Section 1: Beer: Beer was not invented, it was discovered. Exactly when the first beer was brewed is unknown but there was almost certainly no beer before 10,000 BCE. The rise of beer was closely associated with the domestication of the cereal grains rom which it is made and the adoption of farming. Beer originated in the Fertile Crescent in Egypt and Mesopotamia. To beer drinkers in the Neolithic period, beer’s ability to intoxicate and induce a stateRead MoreEssay The History of the World in Six Glasses2325 Words   |  10 PagesHow did beer lead to the development of cities in Mesopotamia and Egypt? A. 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